Malaysia Household Income And Expenditure Trends Economics Essay

Malaysia Household Income And Expenditure Trends Economics Essay This area will talk about the foundation of the investigation, which clarified the monetary exercises and financial development by segment and by business share, Malaysia family unit salary and use patterns. This investigation likewise referenced the idea of economical turn of events and development. This investigation picks vitality utilization so as to recognize the factor of condition. From vitality utilization, this examination will watch the impact of vitality utilization on condition. Next, the difficult explanation will cover the issues and target, critical, extension and impediment of the examination. Foundation of the investigation Malaysia is the third wealthiest nation in Southeast Asia after Singapore and Brunei Darussalam dependent on GDP at buying influence equality (PPP) per capita are appeared in Table 1.1. It had a populace of around 26 million individuals in 2007. As indicated by the United Nations Development Program, the number of inhabitants in Malaysia is evaluated to develop to 29.8 millions constantly 2020. Most Malaysian is dynamic financially and freely. The beginning of a supportable recuperation cycle was seen in 2002 however the action loosened in 2005: GDP development rate was 7.2% in 2004 and 5.2% in 2005 as appeared in Table 1.2. Residential interest and fare dynamism are two significant development factors. Malaysia is described by its economys enormous receptiveness and ideal conduct towards remote speculations. During the New Economic Policy 1971 1990, various arrangements could be distinguished to clarify the example of pay. The advancement of fare arranged industrialisation driven ba sically by outside direct speculation has seen a requirement for work, along these lines bringing down joblessness and raising family unit wages. The most unique action segment is gadgets, given that the nation is one of the universes significant exporters of semi-conductors and electronic parts during the 1990s. Table 1.1: Countries of Southeast Asia arranged by their total national output (GDP) at buying power equality (PPP) per capita in US$ Southeast Asia Country Rank Global Monetary Fund (2009)[+] World Bank (2008)[++] CIA World Factbook[+++] Singapore 1 50,523 49,321 50,300 Â Brunei 2 49,110 50,100 Â Malaysia 3 13,769 14,215 14,800 Â Thailand 4 8,060 8,086 8,100 Â Indonesia 5 4,157 3,994 4,000 Â Philippines 6 3,521 3,513 3,300 Â Vietnam 7 2,942 2,787 2,900 Â Cambodia 8 2,015 1,951 1,900 Source: +Data allude to the year 2009. World Economic Outlook Database-April 2010, International Monetary Fund. ++Data allude to the year 2008. World Development Indicators database, World Bank.Note: Per capita qualities were gotten by partitioning the PPP GDP information by the Population information. +++GDP per capita (PPP), The World Factbook 2010, Central Intelligence Agency. The monetary movement has been a lot of dependent on electrical and electronic segment and the nation must discover new development producing exercises, particularly even with the taking off rivalry between nations of this area. Also, Malaysia is arranged among the universes biggest makers in the farming division, especially of palm oil, cocoa and elastic. Table 1.2: Malaysias Economic Growth from 2006 to 2009 Monetary Indicator 2006 2007 2008 2009(f) Gross domestic product $million 125,051 132,988 139,159 139,174 Development of GDP % 6.0 6.0 5.0 - 3.1 Swelling (CPI) % 4.0 2.0 5.0 1.1 Joblessness % 3.0 3.0 3.7 4.5 Outside direct speculation % of GDP 4.0 5.0 3.0 4 Fare development % 7.0 4.0 1.5 (16.6) Import development % 9.0 5.0 2.2 (14.9) Current record balance $million 26,200 29,243 38,914 21,053 Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2010 for 2006-2008, Monetary Planning Units Forecasting for 2009. The nation is likewise the main exporter of tropical woods. The United States, Singapore and Japan are Malaysias significant exchange accomplices. The nation imports mostly fabricated items, machine devices and vehicles. In any case the monetary development of Malaysia has wide ramifications for auxiliary change in the economy (from agribusiness area to industrialisation), development of business openings increment in close to home pay and change in utilization design. It has additionally affected the earth through an assortment of methods, for example, contamination; normal assets overexpolitation; corruption and untamed life living space vanished, and changes in climate. The aftereffect of the bigger utilization levels in the ecological issue as demonstrated in the declining in the fisheries pull, expanding in threatehned and imperiled greenery and founa, devastated of wilflife normal assets, polution and intentionally extraordinary executing, (Khalid, 2007) Ecological arrangements for the most part think about the estimation of common assets in adding to procedures of organic especially in controlling flood levels, environmental change rules, creation of oxygen and assimilation of carbon dioxide in the open zones just as insurance of vegetation. Ecological corruption isn't precisely estimated by GDP in light of the fact that the monetary development of the country rely upon characteristic assets however the quality of the economy must incorporate the condition and manageability of normal assets. This circumstance isn't occurring in Malaysia however those worried about the security of natural life accept great treatment should be given to the disintegration effect of financial development on untamed life. As of late, natural concerns have developed among the network and society, strategy producer and government through the economical turn of events, in spite of ecological issue always lost against the super improvement venture, for examp le Bakun dam venture. The primary target among the creating nations is monetary development through the normal assets misuse. 1.3 Overview of Malaysia economy Malaysia is the one of the creating nations have changed itself from 1970s to 1990s from crude materials maker to the multi-segment economy especially assembling and administrations part. This change was actuated by positive economy development which solely determined by fare of electrical and gadgets parts. Subsequently, worldwide monetary emergency and the droop in the data innovation (IT) segment in 2001 and 2002 have influenced Malaysia economy. In any case, Malaysia economy developed 5.7 percent in 2003 regardless of from the start half hard to support because of outside weights, for example, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the Iraq war to be worried among business society. In 2004, development crested 7 percent and 5 percent in 2005-2006 and 4.6 percent in 2009. The monetary development from that point was not as surprising as in the past, however some recuperation occurred in 1987. This was the point at which the assembling area for middle of the road products began to grow, which accordingly drove the Malaysian economy forward. This built up another auxiliary change from only delivering essential wares to process fabricating and propelled producing, including electronic semiconductors and parts of electrical items. In 1997, the economy confronted another monetary debacle, the Asian budgetary emergency that started in Thailand and later spread to everywhere throughout the ASEAN nations including Malaysia. Truth be told the swapping scale severely influenced the majority of the ASEAN nations. ASEAN nations had no other decision however to exchange their ebb and flow resources so as to balance their misfortunes coming about because of the money depreciation. Marginally over one year later, the Malaysian economy recouped. Every one of these oc casions have changed the structure of the Malaysian economy to what it is today. It has become a convention at the beginning of every decade to foresee the way or bearing and extent of financial development inside the setting of the difficulties and possibilities for the following 10 years or more. The 1980s were an immensely troublesome and tempestuous decade for the worldwide economy. Truth be told during the 1990s, however expected by some to be fairly less fierce and troublesome, the battle ought to be very unique for Malaysia in its mission to turn into a recently industrialized economy. Given the differing structures of the economy, it has its own inward issues, with its qualities and shortcomings. Malaysia has profited by higher world vitality costs in spite of the fact that at the time the expense of residential fuel and diesel rising and it has constrained the administration to diminish the endowments just as contributed the higher swelling. Malaysia has lessens the danger of money related emergency all through the solid outside trades converse and a little outer obligation. Be that as it may, Malaysia economy is still rely upon proceeded with development in the US, China and Japan as a top sending out nations and principle wellsprings of outside venture. Every one of these plans are expressed in Ninth Malaysia Plan for its five years national advancement plan. The plans focuses on the advancement of higher worth included assembling and a development of the administration part expressed in Tenth Malaysia Plan. 1.3.1 Economic development by segment and business share Malaysias total national output (GDP) developed from RM10 billion of every 1970 to about RM37 billion of every 1980. It expanded further to RM119 billion of every 1990 and RM222 billion of every 1995. In 2005 and 2009, it expanded from RM449 billion to RM528 billion. These figures speak to a GDP development pace of 11% somewhere in the range of 1970 and 2009 as appeared in Table 1.3. The assembling division extended from 15% of GDP the in 1970 to 19, 24, 26, 33 and 27 % in 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2009, separately and declined to 31% in 2005, while the portion of farming in the GDP declined from 28 % in 1970 to 25, 15, 13 and 10 % in 1980, 1990, 1995 and 2005 individually. The administrations part declined from 42 % in 1970 to 39 out of 1980. This segment increments to 46 % and 51 % in 1990 and 1995 individually however declined to 47 % in 2005, demonstrating the developing government job and normal improvement in the administrations condition. All the divisions additionally change d d

Advertisement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ad - Essay Example The Argument The ad is contending the point that with the new Nissan Dualis, one of the highlights being advanced as its point of convergence is its 360â ° view or the capacity of the driver to have the option to screen his environmental factors from the driver’s seat from a 360â ° viewpoint. The commercial was along these lines viable in giving a visual introduction of demonstrating how the 360â ° view could be portrayed superbly by situating the female model in 12 key indistinguishable postures. The picture along these lines speaks to taking a gander at key territories around the vehicle from complete round perspectives. The Target Audience The intended interest group that is seen from the notice is female drivers, who might be progressively keen on being extra cautious in observing the state of the vehicle’s circumstance from a total 360â ° view. All the more explicitly, it is coordinated to female and youthful grown-up proficient drivers, as portrayed from the m odel that they utilized in the ad. The female model is seen to be in her mid 20s and her way of bringing herself through the outfit she wears (white fresh pullover over a blue tight pants and with a red belt) is characteristic of her being in a lighthearted way of life, potentially in an energizing profession. Obviously, the notice could likewise be coordinated to all vehicle drivers who are keen on claiming the Nissan Dualis, with this 360â ° Around View Monitor. Expository Principles Employed The explanatory rules that were utilized are a joint effort of logos (rationale), tenderness (feeling) and ethos (character). The expository standard of logos was apparent from the powerful presentation of visual portrayal that caught the message of 360â ° view from the key places of the female model. Similarly, the subtitles beneath the central pictures with states: â€Å"PARK PERFECTLY WITH A 360â ° VIEW. The 360â ° Around View Monitor. Nissan Innovation that excites† (Best Ads) utilizes coherent and passionate intrigue through arrangement of accurate data, related to the utilization of words that allures the feeling (energizes). At last, the logical guideline of ethos (character) is transferred through consideration of Nissan’s logo and brand name, just as the name of the vehicle being promoted, arranged adequately at the upper left hand corner and hued in striking red to contrast the impeccably white foundation with black out shades of conceivably light dim around the fringes. The brand name, in itself, requests character and validity as one of the confided in brands in vehicles, known around the world. Adjustment to Advertisement Theories and Strategies As gained from the course modules, it is pertinent that ads contain a compelling exchange of both visual and verbal substance to make the notice powerful. All things considered, this specific idea is suitably applied in the Nissan Dualis: Park Perfectly advertisement which was demonstrated to have utilized praiseworthy visual substance and helped with verbal substance. Be that as it may, as mollified by Rossiter, â€Å"visual content warrants moderately more publicist consideration than verbal content† (101). From the effect that the visual substance makes to the intended interest group, it is in this manner upheld that this idea is approved. One accordingly concurs that the capacity of the maker of the notice to structure a visual picture that would successfully transfer the message that is planned, in an imaginative and inventive design, fundamentally helps with considering the advertisment a triumph †particularly when the ad exertion made that activity intented by the association;

Writing a Unique Job Satisfaction Essay

Job Satisfaction How to Write a Great Job Satisfaction Essay During the years of studies, students get a lot of assignments. One of them is writing academic works. It should be noted that there is a huge variety of topics for producing papers. Today, it is very popular to examine such issues as employment and time management. Thus, learners are often assigned to prepare a job satisfaction essay. Sometimes, a lot of difficulties arise during the writing process. Down below, there is sample of such paper. If you analyze it fully, it will be easier for you to start writing your own work. If the employees are satisfied with their jobs, the working process will be efficient. Thus, it is necessary to make sure that the working conditions are really good. This is one of the most important tasks of management. There are different factors that may discourage employees. It may be the impossibility to move up the career ladder, poor communication inside the company, stressful situations, etc. That is why it is very important to establish a coherent management policy to discuss the issues that may arise. It will help keep workers motivated that is very useful for achieving the goals of a firm. It is proved that almost a half of the employees is not satisfied with their job positions. The reasons for this are different. One of them is lack of motivation. It is known that it is one of the most important aspects of achieving success. Unsatisfied employees make much effort to start their working day. The point is that doing a routine job is rather boring. That is why it is of great importance to motivate team members. It is very useful to transfer workers from one department to another. However, it is necessary to take an employees qualification into account before changing something. It will help relieve tension caused by doing the same tasks and working in the same environment. In addition, it is helpful to provide trainings. When writing an essay on job satisfaction, remember to present strong arguments to prove your opinion. Thus, readers will take your work seriously. One more reason for being unsatisfied with the job is a high level of stress that employees may suffer from. It can be caused by a variety of factors. If it goes about the lack of tools for fulfilling workers responsibilities, managers should take care about it. If employees know that their company strives to create a perfect environment for them, they will work much better. There are two categories of employees: high and low performers. The latter do not often get promotion unlike the former ones. High performers show that they are interested in working for a company. They are aimed at helping employers achieve their goals. They always complete the given tasks on time. Low performers usually lack motivation. That is why management staff should give such workers trainings to make sure that they are able to perform their functions efficiently. Moreover, it is necessary to explain employees why some of them are promoted and others are not. There should be objective criteria for promotion. It will motivate employees to work more effectively. To conclude, it is essential to hire professional managers who will help organize the working process appropriately. If the employees are full satisfied, they work effectively. If you have read this job satisfaction essay sample carefully, you will experience no difficulties with producing your paper. You will understand which points your work should be focused on. Related essays Humanities: Questions and Answers Fundamental Concepts, Methods and Modes Industrialization in Europe h2{font-size:2em} Login form Get Started Free! Forgot password? 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Percent Composition Definition

Percent composition is the percentage by mass of each element in a compound. Example: The percent composition of water is 20% hydrogen and 80% oxygen.

Was Petit s Behavior, Unprofessional, And Immoral

Was Petit s behavior unprofessional? Was it immoral? Discuss the similarities and differences of the words in quotes? I find Petit’s behavior in general to be neither unprofessional, nor immoral. According to the dictionary, unprofessional means, â€Å"lacking or showing a lack of expert skill† (Merriam-Webster.com) and immoral means, â€Å"not moral; broadly: conflicting with generally or traditionally held moral principles† (Merriam-Webster.com). These words are used interchangeably in the case, but they do not mean the same thing. The school board argued that being of moral character was an expectation of Petit’s job. They dismissed her regardless of the fact that she didn’t do anything wrong or show immoral character during work hours. Petit engaged in sexual acts in her personal life outside of her job in a private area. These sexual acts were performed with consent from all parties, and they were all of legal age. The only way it would have b een immoral is if it wasn’t consensual, they were underage, or she was doing so without the approval of her husband whom she was married to. I don’t think she was being unprofessional either, as her personal life had nothing to do with her job. What lack of skill is her activity displaying? The only somewhat unprofessional thing I can argue for is perhaps her appearance on the program about unconventional sexual activities, as someone might recognize her and it might reflect badly on the school and would show a lack of discretion.

Impact of Globalization on Business market - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Globalization on the Business market. Answer: Introduction An organizational structure helps in defining the activities of an organization like co-ordination and supervision so that it can help the organization in achieving the aims. Organizations should be flexible and innovative in order to serve the purpose of achieving sustainable competitive advantage (Ashkenas et al. 2015). Organizational structure acts like a perspective with the help of which the individuals see their organization. Globalization refers to the interaction of states and countries with the growth of flow of money and ideas in the international arena. It is indicative of an economic process of interaction which has cultural aspects. The primary purpose of this report is to discuss the changes that globalization will have on the organizational structure of Reddy Restaurant. Organizational Structure of Reddy Restaurant Advancement made in the arena of communications technology has led to the globalization of food industry. In order to survive in global environment an organization should provide sufficient information that will be necessary for co-ordination along with control. Managers should decide regarding whether they should emphasize on that of global standardization or that of national responsiveness (Dekoulou et al. 2017). The manufacturing and marketing strategy should be standardized throughout the world. The top managers of Reddy Restaurant should design a structure that can adapt to the changing environment. The three common structural type of global organization is that of functional, divisional and global matrix structure. On the basis of the functional structure, employees of the restaurant should be grouped into different department like marketing, finance and operation. The functional structure can help the organization and it is the most common organizational model in the domestic arena (O'Neill, Beauvais Scholl, 2016). The product division of Reddy Restaurant can take the responsibility of the global operations in relation to their specific product area. It can help in managing business around the world. The manager of each division will be responsible for organizing and controlling the functions in relation to production and distribution of the products. Global product structure can prove to be of great merit for standardization of the product along with that of sales. It also carries some drawbacks like the product divisions may not work well together and it can lead to a lot of competition (Van der Voet, 2014). Global geographical structure helps in grouping people together on the basis of specific geographic location. The geographical division of Reddy Restaurant should report to CEO and he fully controls the functional activities within each geographical area. Mature product lines along with stable technologies will help in the growth of the organization. This structure proves to be of great help for organizations who make use of multi-domestic strategy (Benzer et al. 2017). The services of Reddy Restaurant should be suited to the local needs along with culture. The global matrix structure helps in grouping people by making use of product division along with geographical division. The pressure of decision making should balance the interest of product standardization along with geographical location (Kalay Lynn, 2016). Globalization has made it a lot easier for the restaurant to find important ingredients. Globalization helps in increasing the potential vendors of many restaurants. Restaurants were previously dependent on local firm but with the advent of globalization the ingredients and vegetables can come from anywhere. Reddy Restaurant will greatly benefit from globalization as it will increase the avenues in relation to the suppliers, vendors and ingredients. Globalization can help in the marketing of the exclusive meals and items of the Reddy restaurant and makes it easier to market the items worldwide. Transnational Model of Reddy Restaurant Organizations make use of transnational model that helps them in attaining benefits in the field of global along with multi-domestic strategies. Reddy Restaurant should be able to adapt to all kinds of environmental situations that can help them in achieving flexibility. It can be attained by capitalizing on the knowledge flows. The knowledge flows can take up the form of decisions along with value-added information. Decision making along with knowledge generation should be distributed in between the units of transnational organization (Lee, Kozlenkova Palmatier, 2015). The transnational firms enter in strategic alliances with the business partners and customers that can help them in saving time and capital. Advances in the arena of transporation have led to the growing globalization of the food industry. Reddy Restaurant can send their resources to enter the overseas market that can help them in maintaining control of the product quality along with the presentation. The partnerships and mergers would greatly benefit the Reddy Restaurant and help in building a presence in the international arena. The suppliers in one country can partner with the distributors of another country and thus the distributors can reap the benefit from the movement of pipeline of products from that of the supplier to that of the customer. The two tactics should be made use of for the purpose of implementation of transnational model: Mass customization-synergy with the help of global research along with development Global logistics Mass customization synergy Mass customization has completely changed the relationship between manufacturers, retailers and that of the consumers. Globalization has helped the Reddy restaurant to go beyond their homogeneous markets and give rise to common uniqueness that can lead to customer satisfaction. Mass customization strategy is of crucial importance in the era of globalization as it will help in satisfying the distinctive taste buds of people across the globe. The customers have unique delivery needs and Reddy Restaurant should lay increasing importance on this aspect so that it can grow to become popular in the global market (Joseph, Klingebiel Wilson, 2016). Global logistics Globalisation poses a challenge for the logistic providers of Reddy Restaurant. Growth of global economy suggests that the customers want access to the goods along with services from across the world. Seamless service is provided by the supply chain management of Reddy Restaurant that ensures in customer satisfaction (Dunning, 2014). Technology has increasingly helped in removing the obstacles in relation to globalization. The identification of the events that can lead to potential losses should be identified at the outset and experts and experience in IOR/ EOR compliance regulation can help in protecting the company from that of expensive delay (Pieterse, 2015). The position of logistics is growing and it is driven by the organizational structure in relation to globalization and the development of new technologies. Support automation along with digitization will help in bringing changes to the organizational structure that can help in ensuring the success of the organization. Organizational Structural Changes in Reddy Restaurant due to Globalization Globalization will cause Reddy Restaurant to face aggressive competition from important players in the industry. The services provided by Reddy Restaurant should be of supreme quality so that it can satisfy the needs of the consumer. The price along with technological innovation of Reddy Restaurant should be customized for all kinds of customer (Ashkenas et al. 2015). The new location will also have local companies that will try to survive invasion from that of foreign business. Cheap labour and raw materials in the new location can help Reddy Restaurant in earning a lot of benefits. Information System is indicative of integrated set of component that can help in the process of communication of information. Information System is indicative of wider system of data and activity that can help in storing and dissemination of information. The management information system can be made use of by the managers. The mid-level managers are provided with reports that can help in summarizing data that can aid in the process of decision making (Cummings Worley, 2014). Reports like that of Key Indicator Report help the management to keep track of all layers of organizational structure of Reddy Restaurant. Quantitative model can help in predicting the long term value of the customers. Executive Information System can be made use of by the high level of management of Reddy Restaurant. This kind of system is based on software that can help in transforming large amount of data into that of pertinent information. A Decision Support System can bring benefits to the managers of Reddy Restaurant at all the levels of organizational structure. This software can be made use of by Reddy Restaurant in the arena of testing the alternatives which is based on the assumptions that will be provided by the software (Rothaermel, 2015). It can help the managers in choosing the alternative that can give result to the best outcome. A transaction processing system can be used at the operational level of Reddy Restaurant that can help in making the transactions with the help of online processing. The IT systems can be of great value for organization and a successful organization should apply the information technology for the successful running of an organization. Information Technology in the modern age can provide extensive help in the arena of designing the organization and provide improvements to the internal along with external co-ordination. Conclusion: The organizational structure helps an organization to attain the objectives of co-ordination along with supervision. The employees of Reddy Restaurant should be divided into different departments that will help in the process of fluid functioning of the organization. The global structure of the product can help in standardization but it may also result in product divisions that can pave the path for a lot of competition. The ingredients and vegetables of Reddy Restaurant can be brought from anywhere as a result of globalization that can greatly help in improving the quality of service of the restaurant. The services of Reddy Restaurant should be suited for the local needs of each place that will help the organization to grow. Reddy Restaurant should focus on the three areas of leadership, management and financial resources that would strengthen the organizational structure. A Decision Support System can help the managers to benefit to a great extent that can help in testing different alternatives. This software can help the managers in reflecting and predicting on the outcome. Globalisation proves to be a challenge for the logistics providers of Reddy Restaurant and experts with due experience in IOR/ EOR compliance can be advantageous for the success of the firm. References: Ashkenas, R., Ulrich, D., Jick, T., Kerr, S. (2015).The boundaryless organization: Breaking the chains of organizational structure. John Wiley Sons. Ashkenas, R., Ulrich, D., Jick, T., Kerr, S. (2015).The boundaryless organization: Breaking the chains of organizational structure. John Wiley Sons. Benzer, J. K., Charns, M. P., Hamdan, S., Afable, M. (2017). The role of organizational structure in readiness for change: A conceptual integration.Health Services Management Research,30(1), 34-46. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Dekoulou, P., Dekoulou, P., Trivellas, P., Trivellas, P. (2017). Organizational structure, innovation performance and customer relationship value in the Greek advertising and media industry.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,32(3), 385-397. Dunning, J. H. (2014).The Globalization of Business (Routledge Revivals): The Challenge of the 1990s. Routledge. Joseph, J., Klingebiel, R., Wilson, A. J. (2016). Organizational structure and performance feedback: Centralization, aspirations, and termination decisions.Organization Science,27(5), 1065-1083. Kalay, F., Lynn, G. S. (2016). THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ON MANAGEMENT INNOVATION: AN EMPIRICAL RESEARCH IN TURKEY.Journal of Business Economics and Finance,5(1). Lee, J. Y., Kozlenkova, I. V., Palmatier, R. W. (2015). Structural marketing: Using organizational structure to achieve marketing objectives.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,43(1), 73-99. O'Neill, J. W., Beauvais, L. L., Scholl, R. W. (2016). The use of organizational culture and structure to guide strategic behavior: An information processing perspective.Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management,2(2). Pieterse, J. N. (2015).Globalization and culture: Global mlange. Rowman Littlefield. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Van der Voet, J. (2014). The effectiveness and specificity of change management in a public organization: Transformational leadership and a bureaucratic organizational structure.European Management Journal,32(3), 373-382.

The death penalty can it ever be justified

The controversy, surrounding the practice of sentencing criminals to the death penalty, continues to remain an important part of public discourses in Western countries. Partially, this explains why, as of today, this practice is being commonly regarded inappropriate by those politicians/public figures, who strive to gain the reputation of being particularly progressive individuals.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The death penalty: can it ever be justified? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, the majority of those who argue in favor of banning the death penalty, while referring to this type of a criminal punishment as being utterly inhumane, do not seem to realize the sheer wrongness of their stance on the subject matter. In this paper, I will aim to explore the validity of this statement at length, while promoting the idea that the practice of sentencing socially dangerous criminals to death simply cannot be disposed of, because it serves the function of maintaining the society’s innate integrity. The most common misconception of the death penalty is that it is being applied for essentially retributive purposes. That is, many people continue to believe that this form of a criminal punishment should be discussed in terms of an ‘ultimate revenge’, carried out by the state. Such point of view, however, does not appear thoroughly justified. The validity of this suggestion can be well explored in regards to the statistical data, concerned with the instances of the death penalty being carried out in the US for the duration of fifty years. According to this data, 95% of the executed criminals consisted of those who committed particularly gruesome crimes, such as premeditated homicides and gang-rapes/child-molestations, which resulted in the victims’ deaths (Jiang, Lambert, Wang, Saito and Pilot 2010). In its turn, this implies that there was in fact very little humanness in these criminals, as the sheer horrendousness of their crimes suggest the concerned individuals’ savagery. In other words, the specifics of these people’s upbringing had very little to do with their decision to commit the earlier mentioned crimes, but rather the specifics of their genetically predetermined ‘brain wiring’. Apparently, the majority of executed individuals in the US appears to have consisted of the so-called ‘born criminals’, incapable of feeling even a slightest remorse for what they have done. This simply could not be otherwise, because the very physical appearance of the overwhelming majority of ‘born criminals’ suggests that their affiliation with humanity is being purely formal.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As the founding father of the Positive Criminology Lombroso not ed, â€Å"Many of the characteristics of primitive man (savage) are also commonly found in the born criminal, including low, sloping foreheads, overdeveloped sinuses, overdevelopment of jaws and cheekbones, prognathism, oblique and large eye sockets† (22). What it means is that, contrary to the assumption that by executing this kind of criminals, the state simply strives to appease the victims’ relatives, the actual aim of the application of the death penalty, in this respect, is different. Apparently, the capital criminal punishment serves the purpose of defending the society against individuals that are being ‘programmed’ to defy the very principles of the society’s normal functioning. This is exactly the reason why in the former Soviet Union, the death penalty used to be defined as the ‘ultimate instrument of the society’s defense against criminals’. Thus, it will not be much of an exaggeration to say that the very theoretical premises, upon which the opponents of the death penalty base their line of argumentation, appear fallacious. For example, these opponents (abolitionists) suggest that the continuous socio-economic progress in Western countries implies the sheer outdatedness of the practice of sentencing convicted criminals to death, as such that is being inconsistent with the process of more and more people growing increasingly tolerant (Bedau 2002). Nevertheless, those who come up with such a claim do not realize the simple fact that the people’s tendency to choose in favor of a tolerant mode of living does not come out of nowhere – it simply reflects the process of their living-standards becoming continually improved. Yet, it is only in the society where the majority of its members consist of psychologically adequate individuals, where the continuation of the earlier mentioned economic progress is possible, in the first place. Unfortunately, currently deployed domestic policies in W estern countries, which rest upon the assumption that people’s behavior cannot be discussed outside of what accounted for the particulars of their upbringing, make it increasingly harder to maintain such a situation. This is because they deny the very possibility for people’s act to be reflective of their biological constitution. In its turn, this delegitimizes the suggestion that it is indeed fully appropriate to strive to improve people biologically, by the mean exercising a control over their baby-making activities. As a result, the number of mentally inadequate ‘born criminals’, potentially capable of perpetrating the earlier mentioned horrendous crimes, continues to increase rather rapidly. The validity of this statement can be well illustrated in regards to the characteristics of crime-rates in today’s Western countries.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The death penalty: can it ever be justified? specifically fo r you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is not only that the society, in which ‘born criminals’ appear to account for the population’s growing segment, is being less capable of advancing economically, due to the continually reduced number of socially-productive citizens. Apparently, the functional effectiveness of such a society also suffers from the fact that it needs to sustain the pointless existence of ‘born criminals’, incarcerated for life. Thus, the very assumption that in civilized societies hardened criminals should not be put to death, promoted by ‘progressive’ citizens, is being potentially capable of setting Western societies on the path of becoming less civilized – pure and simple. Therefore, it makes so much more sense executing the most dangerous criminals then allowing their critical mass to grow to the point when the state-officials would realize themselves quite helpless, wh ile trying to improve the criminological situation within the society. Another commonly used argument against the death penalty is based upon people’s idealistic belief in the ‘sanctity’ of one’s life. The origins of this belief can be traced back to the Christian cultural legacy, concerned with the assumption that every individual is being endowed with the unique ‘soul’ of its own. Nevertheless, the revolutionary breakthroughs in the fields of biology, psychology and physics, which had taken place during the course of recent decades, effectively expose the sheer fallaciousness of this assumption. Apparently, the value of every individual’s life can no longer be discussed in terms of an independent but rather dependent variable. In plain words – the more a particular person is being capable of contributing to the society’s well-being, the higher is his or her objective worth. Given the fact that viciously-minded ‘bor n criminals’, who account for the majority of executed evildoers, did not only benefit the society, but tried to cause as much damage to their co-citizens, as possible, suggesting that their lives may have represented a certain ‘value’ is nothing but yet another moralistic illusion. We need to understand that it is only natural resources, which may represent a universally recognized value, simply because the amount of these resources is limited. ‘Human resources’, on the other hand, are fully self-renewable. Moreover, as the realities of today’s living indicate, it is because many citizens in the ‘developing’ countries appear fully preoccupied with baby-making, while being encouraged to do so by Catholic priests (who deny contraceptives, as such that are being inconsistent with the concept of the human life’s ‘sanctity’), which prevents these countries from being able to get out of poverty.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, it indeed makes very little sense justifying the abolishment of the death penalty on the ground that the lives of those who commit most despicable crimes should be considered ‘untouchable’. The only reasonable argument, to which the proponents of the death penalty’s banning refer to, while trying to substantiate the validity of their stance on the issue, is the fact that there have been a number of cases of wrongly convicted people sentenced to death, especially in countries known for rather ineffective functioning of their justice-systems. For example, it is now believed that at least one individual has been wrongly executed in Russia, due to his ‘confession’ (extracted under torture) of being the famous ‘Chicatilo’ serial-killer, who murdered and cannibalized fifty-three innocent children (Evans 2001). To this, we can put forward two counterarguments. First, the error-margin in judicial decisions in Western countries can be best defined as being rather negligible. For example, in the U.S. the annual average rate of wrongfully passed criminal sentences (in all felony cases) accounts for only 0.5% (Huff 2004). The rate of wrongful convictions that resulted in the passing of death sentences in America cannot even be calculated, as there have been only a few mistakenly convicted and consequently executed ‘criminals’, throughout the history of American jurisprudence. Second, the fact that the enactment of the death penalty is potentially capable of resulting in wrongfully convicted citizens being executed does not outweigh the capital punishment’s benefits to the society’s overall well-being. The validity of this suggestion can be illustrated in regards to a number of famous legal cases, concerned with one’s private interests vs. the society’s interests, which have been arbitrated in favor of the latter. The proponents of the death penalty’s banning may sugges t that, even though it is specifically ‘born criminals’ who are being usually sentenced to death, there are also many instances of the death sentence having been passed to thoroughly adequate individuals. For example, in today’s China, it represents a commonplace practice to execute high-ranking governmental officials, convicted of bribery. In fact, Western civil rights activists never cease whining about this practice, as such that in their view is being inconsistent with the principles of a civilized living (Kielsgard 2011). What they fail to understand, however, is that it is specifically the proper functioning of the economy, which allows people to be able to enjoy a civilized living, in the first place. Given the fact that this country’s economic development continues to be observant of essentially socialist principles; it naturally causes the Chinese economy to be particularly prone to corruption. And, as the Chinese experience indicates, nothing can be more effective, as the mean of prompting governmental officials to think twice, before they decide to accept bribes, then exposing them to the sight of other corrupted officials being executed by a firing squad in public. This once again points out to the sheer erroneousness of suggestions that the death penalty is being morally inappropriate. Whatever ironic it may sound – just as the possession of nuclear weapons by the US and the USSR prevented these countries from declaring war on each other, the immoral practice of having the death penalty legally enacted, strengthened the extent of the affected societies’ association with the very notion of morality. As it was shown earlier, even though there are a number of seemingly reasonable objections to the death penalty, the closer analysis of the issue in question reveals the fact that many publicly prominent individuals, known for their stance against the continuous enactment of the capital punishment, do not think o f the subject matter logically but rather emotionally. As a result, their line of an abolitionist reasoning suffers a great deal of damage. Yet, once we adopt a thoroughly logical approach towards evaluating the appropriateness of the death penalty’s legal status, it will appear that there is indeed only a very few sound argument against this ultimate form of a criminal punishment. What it means is that, contrary to what civil rights activists want us to believe; the continuous legal enactment of the death penalty in such countries as China and the US is being fully justified. This is because it helps these countries to maintain their societal integrity. I believe that the earlier provided line of argumentation, in defense of the death penalty, is fully consistent with the paper’s initial thesis. Works Cited Bedau, Hugo. â€Å"The Minimal Invasion Argument Against the Death Penalty.†Ã‚  Criminal Justice Ethics 21.2 (2002): 3-8. Print. Evans, Julian. â€Å"Itâ⠂¬â„¢s All Just Meat.† New Statesman 14.650 (2001): 52-54. Print. Huff, Ronald. â€Å"Wrongful Convictions: The American Experience.† Canadian  Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 46. 2 (2004): 107-120. Print. Jiang, Shanhe, Eric Lambert, Jin Wang, Toyoji Saito and Rebecca Pilot. â€Å"Death Penalty Views in China, Japan and the U.S.: An Empirical Comparison.† Journal of Criminal Justice 38.5 (2010): 862-869. Print. Kielsgard, Mark. â€Å"Universalism and Human Rights in the 21st Century.† Asia  Pacific Law Review 19.2 (2011): 155-176.Print. Lombroso, Cesare. Criminal Man, Durham: Duke University Press, 2006. Print. This research paper on The death penalty: can it ever be justified? was written and submitted by user Angela W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

U.S. Governments Methods of Dealing with People Suspected of Terrorist Involvement essays

U.S. Governments Methods of Dealing with People Suspected of Terrorist Involvement essays The concern of the United States with regards to terror and terrorists activities began way before the 9/11 terrorist incidents. There was the World Trade Center bombings in the 1990s and several attacks on U.S. citizens outside the U.S. Terror and terrorist incidents became a focal point in U.S. government policies immediately preceding the disasters of September 11, 2001. In a sudden change of stance, the government took off its gloves and dealt with terrorists in a manner they (the terrorists) understand well with iron fists! Many citizens hailed the governments efforts stating, It was high time the terrorists are given a dose of their own medicine! Others cried foul and began reminding the government of human rights, due process and freedom of expression. Suddenly, civil liberties were curtailed in the name of protecting the citizenry from the effects of terrorism. The two opposing fronts are at odds with each other giving viable arguments and stating each of their cases for and against the US governments methods of dealing with people suspected of terrorist involvement. One of the first acts of the government in the aftermath of 9/11 is the approval and implementation of the Patriot Act of 2001 or fully known as "Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001. The legislation contains ten titles that define the scope and measures of fighting terrorist activities, these titles are: Enhancing domestic security against terrorism; International money laundering abatement and anti-terrorist financing; Removing obstacles to investigating terrorism; Providing for victims of terrorism, public safety officers and their families; Increased information sharing for critical infrastructure protection; ...

Air and Water Pollution Paper

Carbon oxide and Nitrogen oxide are one of the many air pollutants this world is having problems with. As for carbon oxide and nitrogen oxide they fall into the category of a primary pollutant, or as so I believe. The reason for why I believe this is because when nitrogen oxide is let out and exposed into the air it can harm the growth of our plants and crops which results us to lose quantities of our food being grown. Also if nitrogen oxide is inhaled it can cause health complications such as asthma.It is a harmful gas that’s created when chemical interactions such as nitrogen and oxygen are combined together and in some cases it can become life threatening. Carbon oxides are the gases produced my carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that’s extremely poisonous and if exposed to it in any way or matter in can begin to reduce the bloods ability to transport oxygen. Carbon dioxide is associated with global warming because carbon dioxide is made up of fossil fuels such as gasoline; methane and propane containing mostly carbon in it.When these fuels are burned, they react with oxygen and produce carbon dioxide which is exposed out into the air which in conclusion leads to the pollutant letting sun lights heat and energy in but doesn’t let that same heat energy out. Nitrogen oxide is a harmful gas that is extremely harmful for not only humanity but earth as well. Nitrogen oxide effects both the ozone layer and on our global warming problem. Once the nitrogen oxide has made its way into the ozone layer, the atmosphere slowly decreases into the stratosphere where the shorter wave length UV rays destroy the nitrogen oxide.Carbon dioxide is a supplement to global warming by consuming energy and heat from earth, trapping it and preventing its release into space. Like carbon oxide is a Greenhouse gas, it effects and influence the climate on earth by increasing carbon oxide levels straightened to supply absorption  and  emission  of  thermal infrared. High levels of nitrogen oxide can be very dangerous to not only humans but animal life as well and it can be fatal. The lower levels of nitrogen oxide can cause damage to the delicate lung tissues in our body. For animals this can cause lung dieses which looks to be like emphysema to humans.Through the ozone layer, long term exposure to nitrogen oxide on animals leads to repertory infections. Plants are surrounded and feed off of nitrogen oxide; it has been seen in many plant activities. The gradient of nitrogen oxide can also guide the pollen tube to its destination located in the ovule. Some of the main contributors of water pollution are factories, oil spills, house hold chemicals and waste treatment facilities. Factories and large industries take a big part in water pollution because, most factories use very large amounts of clean fresh water to wash away waste and any harsh chemicals the factory is discarding.The waste-bearing water, or effluent, is discharged into streams, lakes, or oceans, which in turn disperse the polluting substances. The majority of lakes, rivers, and oceans all are polluted because of the basic everyday uses such as fishing, swimming, as drinking supplies such as juice and alcohol, which can result in harming the sea life. Oil spills caused by large boat rips in the body and oil drills in the middle of the ocean have caused a lot of damage to our sea. Birds can die if they get oil caught into their feathers, the birds natural instinct its to lick and clean itself and when it does it will be poisoned.Animals may surface and some come to la nd to avoid the oil spills but eventually die from hypothermia because their body temperatures will begin to lower, and those exposed in the water will also die once the oil has entered into their lungs or liver. This is why we must be careful and avoid polluting water not for our own benefit but for our wild life’s benefit too.

Market gorvenment analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Market gorvenment analysis - Article Example Additionally, they should look forward to promote confidence and integrity in public administration. They must avoid any situations where their private interests and public interest conflict and those that are seen as a potential conflict in fulfillment of their duties and responsibilities. In instances where conflicts between public and private interests conflict cannot be avoided they must be well disclosed and managed. This essay discusses some of the philosophical views on the conflict between private interest and public interest. This framework can be simply summed up. Buyers attempts to capitalize on their gains from goods and services that are commonly referred to as maximizing utility. Similarly, individuals look forward to offer labor to companies that wish to employ them by balancing the gains they are getting from offering their services (wages) with the disutility linked with the labor itself (loss of leisure time). People make choices at the margin and this leads to the theory of demands for goods and services and supply of factors of production. On the other hand, producers make an effort to produce products such that the cost of producing the incremental unit is equal to the revenue it gains (Heilbruner, 1999). In this way, producers act in a way that maximizes profits. The neoclassical perspective therefore involves agents be it individuals, households or firms and all of them are subject to conditions. Adam Smith was the major contributor to the neoliberal perspective and his works sought to address the motivation behind economic activity, policies that should be followed by states to increase their wealth and the mechanism behind price increases and distribution of wealth. He stated that so long as the forces of demand, supply, competition and prices should be left free of government intervention. This perspective gives emphasis to pursuing

Organisational change management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Organisational change management - Essay Example In their document that was titledâ€Å"Implementing the New Strategic Direction,† the council states how they will review their activities and develop into a strategic body that encourages an array of provision for its services. This can be considered as divestment and this approach will obviously have consequences that will affect the future of public service delivery, the workforce that is in existence in the council as well as the local government (Haglund, 2010, p. 196). The county council has full recognition of the significance, the challenges as well as the consequences that are associated with these proposals and thus they address and detail the risks and have enumerated the work that has not been done yet while acknowledging that these changes need to be taken in the prevailing financial constraints. This is associated with the transition costs, which will be incurred when the council moves to different types of service delivery. When the financial constraints are considered, there are varieties of questions that arise on the manner in which the strategic ambitions can be achieved in relation to the costs linked to building community capacity as well as new social enterprises. There are thousands of jobs that could be lost as the Suffolk county council prepares to halt the direct provision of services in most of the areas that it functions in and all the services at the council including the child protection services may be outsourced if the plan is implemented. The county is poised to take radical approaches as far as the public sector reforms are concerned by coming up with a virtual authority which will outsource most of the services that the council deals with. The new strategic direction could be the beginning of outsourcing of the counties services to social enterprises and companies while aiming at turning the authority form one that avails public services

Views of Modern man :: essays research papers

The Views of Modern Man   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The various short stories of the age of analysis and anxiety do not depict man in a heroic guise, nor do they reflect any deep abiding faith in his destiny. This is especially true in the short stories â€Å"Gooseberries†, â€Å"The Jewels†, â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner†, and â€Å"The Devil and Daniel Webster† In each, theme is used to give a dim view of the future of mankind, and common themes help tie together a picture of what the authors of this age saw as a plague on mankind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"Gooseberries† Chekhov conveys through the actions of his characters the theme that success comes at a price, and that the ends don’t always justify the means. In the story Nikolay dreams of having a farm and an estate of his own. Throughout his entire life he scrimped and saved every penny he could find. He married a widower for her money and starved her to death, all the while not realizing that it was through his actions that she died. Nikolay did eventually obtain his estate, but at what price? He had been so blinded by his hunger for money that he did not realize that his wife died because he refused to feed her properly? â€Å"And, of course, it never for a moment occurred to my brother that he was to blame for her death. Money, like vodka can do queer things to a man.† In this quote Chekhov is showing the reader what powerful effect money has on a man. The pursuit of material wealth becomes all-important to a man, and anything e lse can be shrugged off. Chekhov is conveying yet another theme through this quote, that of materialism. He feels that when a man becomes obsessed with money his mind becomes shaded, his vision impaired. It is interesting that he compared money to vodka, as though man becomes impaired against all other ideas but those of increasing his wealth. Chekhov sees money and the pursuit of material gain as an all-important goal in the society that surrounds him. He shows what can happen when someone becomes so obsessed with money that they become blinded to the world around them. Chekhov does this through Nikolay. Sure Nikolay does finally get the estate, but it is not quite the one he dreamed of. There is no orchard or duck pond, just a stream with coffee coloured water that had been tainted by a nearby glue factory.

Postcolonial Gothic texts? Essay

Before starting this essay, it is important to acknowledge the fact that the term ‘postcolonial gothic’ is quite difficult to define accurately. For the most part of this essay, I will be taking for granted the fact that these texts are essentially postcolonial in form, in so far as they are texts that have ’emerged in their present form out of the experience of colonization and asserted themselves by foregrounding the tension with imperial power. ‘1 It is with this certainty in mind that I will be looking more specifically at the gothic elements of the pieces, which separate the texts from other typically postcolonial works. Nevertheless, certain distinguishing postcolonial features will arise throughout the essay and this will be especially explicit when I look at the contextual aspects of the pieces. Turcotte identifies the fact that ‘it is certainly possible to argue that the generic qualities of the Gothic mode lend themselves to articulating the colonial experience in as much as each emerges out of a condition of deracination and uncertainty, of the familiar transposed into unfamiliar space. ‘2 As such, the idea of displacement presents itself clearly though the two texts. In Wide Sargasso Sea for instance, we feel a strong sense of Rochester’s alienation in Jamaica: †Is it true,’ she said, ‘that England is like a dream? Because one of my friends who married an Englishman wrote and told me so. She said this place like London is like a cold dark dream sometimes. I want to wake up. ‘ ‘Well,’ I answered annoyed, ‘that is precisely how your beautiful island seems to me, quite unreal and like a dream. ‘ ‘But how can rivers and mountains and the sea be unreal? ‘ And how can millions of people, their houses and their streets be unreal? ‘ (67) He finds it impossible to feel comfortable in Jamaica and it is Antoinette’s equivalent inability to understand England that forms a barrier between the couple. The gulf between their different backgrounds and upbringings is particularly evident through this conversation and it becomes increasingly clear that Rochester sees Antoinette as alien and inaccessible to him: ‘I felt very little tenderness for her, she was a stranger to me, a stranger who did not think or feel as I did. ‘ (78) Therefore, we see the postcolonial notion of the ‘other’ featuring in the novel. When we learn that Rochester views Antoinette in such a manner – as ‘that which is unfamiliar and extraneous to a dominant subjectivity’3 – a certain unease is created, which amplifies the gothic tone of the novel. The reader senses his discomfort with her ethnicity, as he talks derogatively about her: ‘I did not relish going back to England in the role of rejected suitor jilted by this Creole girl. ‘ (65) This prejudice seems to develop into a deep-seated fear of contamination from the Creole woman with ‘long, dark, sad alien eyes†¦ [who] looked very much like Amelie. ‘ (105) Further supporting his discomfort with her ethnic origin is the fact that he insists upon calling her Bertha, despite her objections: ‘Bertha is not my name. You are trying to make me into someone else, calling me by another name. ‘ (121) His renaming of Antoinette suggests that he wants to make her sound more English and, since she shares her name with her mother, he also appears to want to detach her from her family and her creole heritage. Antoinette is a white creole and throughout the novel, the reader senses that Rochester feels betrayed by his experience – he has gone to Jamaica in order to marry a wealthy heiress, whose skin is white like his own. As such, at first sight, things do appear to resemble normality for him and it is only when he gets to know her better that the differences in their make up show through. To pinpoint this sensation more precisely, we need to look at an idea stemming from displacement, that Freud identified as ‘the condition of the uncanny, where the home is unhomely – where the heimlich becomes unheimlich – and yet remains sufficiently familiar to disorient and disempower. ‘4 This is certainly the situation in which Rochester finds himself and this is epitomised when Rochester begins to see Antoinette as a doll: ‘She lifted her eyes. Blank lovely eyes. Mad eyes†¦ I scarcely recognised her voice. No warmth, no sweetness. The doll had a doll’s voice, a breathless but curiously different voice. ‘ (140) Freud claimed that a favourable condition for the uncanny is when there is uncertainty as to whether an object is alive or not and this is certainly the way in which Rochester views Antoinette. Therefore, although on the surface everything appears to be normal, all the things around Rochester have a peculiar unfamiliarity for him. The character of Antoinette also suffers such alienation when she arrives in England and is confined to her room: ‘Now they have taken everything away. What am I doing in this place and who am I? ‘ (147) The reader senses that without her country and the things around her that are familiar to her, she has lost her own identity. The notions of displacement and the uncanny are very disturbing in essence. They infuse the novel with a sense of unease and a sense of disturbance in the characters that the readers can relate to. Similarly, in Ovando many of these features of displacement and the uncanny are evident and the anxiety and dread that this imposes on the reader is what gives this story its gothic overtones. The character of Ovando symbolises the imperial power in the story and the narrator represents the native peoples, crushed by the colonisers. The impact of Ovando on the narrator’s land is profound and the imposition of his European culture appears to contribute to this effect: ‘He carries with him the following things: bibles, cathedrals, museums†¦ libraries’ (3) Although these things represent the treasures of culture in their European environment, the narrator appears to be recognising the fact that these things do not belong in their New World environment. Through enforcing these things on the new land, Ovando is conforming to what is described in â€Å"The Empire Writes Back† as ‘the political and cultural monocentrism of the colonial enterprise†¦ of the European world. ‘5 Furthermore, Ovando enforces his religious beliefs on the natives and this becomes clear when he tries to justify his actions by referring to ‘fate’ and the narrator states: ‘I could have brought a stop to what was an invasion to me, a discovery to him; after all, I too knew of divinities and eternities and unalterable events. ‘ (4) Ovando fails to see that the natives have their own belief systems in place and his ignorance is exemplified by the fact that the narrator appears to realise Ovando’s downfall, acknowledging his ignorance. Although he does not condone the colonisers’ actions in any way, there is a degree of understanding on the part of the narrator -who represents the natives – that does appear to be present in Ovando: ‘To the stranger’s eye (Ovando’s) everything in my world appears as if it were made anew each night as I sleep, by gods in their heavenly chambers’ (7) The narrator is acknowledging the fact that Ovando and the Imperial powers on the whole failed to realise that the New World – ironically named by the imperialists – was not in fact ‘new’. These countries had their own pasts and their own traditions that the narrow-minded colonisers, who had their eyes ‘half-shut’ (6), failed to recognise or appreciate. Although of course this narrative is written from the biased perspective of the natives (Kincaid’s background supports this fact) the historical accounts of colonisation do essentially support the notion of the blinkered imperialists. As a consequence of this and the lack of integration into native lifestyle by the colonisers, they fail to see that their European traditions are displaced in this new environment and, through imposing them, they create a rift between themselves and the natives. More obviously present in Ovando is the notion of the uncanny. Standing alongside this sense of displacement, the presence of the uncanny promotes a very daunting and disturbing feel in the piece. Turcotte directs the notion of the uncanny in postcolonial literature in particular to the notion of ‘physical perversion†¦ [where] nature, it seemed to many, was out of kilter. ‘6 Throughout this short story, everything is out of kilter in effect. For instance, when Ovando is looking at the map, Kincaid distorts reality and time: ‘Using the forefinger of his left hand, he traced on his map a line. Months later his finger came to a stop. It was a point not too far from where he had started. ‘ (6) This distortion of time is disorientating to the reader and the narrator describes other events, which are equally impossible. When for instance the narrator describes the protest put to Ovando about his unfair treatment of the natives, he undergoes a process of metamorphosis: ‘But Ovando could not hear me, for by this time his head had taken the shape of a groundworm, which has no ears. ‘ (10) Although the narrator is clearly illustrating his refusal to hear the pleas of the natives, it becomes clear that nothing is impossible in the story. Kincaid writes: ‘The moment in which the words could be said was the moment in which the words would be true. ‘ (8) – and the reader recognises that whatever is said in the story simply has to be accepted as the truth. The author gives words an enormous amount of command and authority and, as such, the power of words in this story exceeds the influence of the reader to interpret the events for themselves. Therefore, it could be deemed that Kincaid is confiscating the power of interpretation from the reader in order to highlight the way in which power was taken away from the natives – and the unease and discomfort that this creates adds to the gothic effect of the story. Morrow and McGraph acknowledge that after the 1830 and ’40s the gothic became ‘increasingly fascinated with the psyche of the gothic personality. ‘7 This is particularly obvious in Ovando, with Kincaid’s in-depth exploration of the mental workings of the coloniser. The supposed superiority of the European colonisers, over the natives is apparent through the character of Ovando, who insists upon ‘possess[ing]’ the natives. Similarly, we have insight into the workings of the colonised people. We see their bitter retrospection at their welcoming attitude towards the colonisers: ‘†Ovando,† I said, â€Å"Ovando,† and I smiled at him and threw my arms open to embrace this stinky relic of a person. Many people have said that this was my first big mistake, and I always say, How could it be a mistake to show sympathy to another human being, on first meeting? ‘ (3) Although this is not symbolic of the ‘gothic personality’ in the same way that Ovando’s thoughts are, the juxtaposition of this welcoming, warm attitude highlights the deviousness of Ovando’s thinking, as he deliberately takes advantage of people who were prepared to share their land with him. In Wide Sargasso Sea, there is no equally explicit demonic gothic personality as there is in Ovando. However, there are dark qualities lurking in both Antoinette and Rochester. With Antoinette, of course, her personality creates an amount of unease in the reader, particularly since we aware of the fate of the character she is rooted in from Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre. Additionally, with Rochester’s unease about the fact that ‘her mother was mad’ (129), the reader is constantly haunted by the notion that she will turn out like her mother. Obviously, these anxieties turn out to be justified as we see her realisation of her supposed responsibility: ‘I was outside holding my candle. Now at last I know why I was brought here and what I have to do. ‘ (155-6). Antoinette burns down the house, believing in her misery that this is her destiny. This, in itself, is quite a morbid notion that amplifies her state of despair and gloom. McGraph and Morrow acknowledge that ‘the new gothicist would take as a starting place the concern with interior entropy – spiritual and emotional breakdown†¦ ‘8 Therefore the recognition of Antoinette’s despair means that, although this insight into her psyche does not mirror the horror and gruesomeness of the gothic personality in Ovando, the extent of her despair instils a deep sense of dismay in the reader and supports the gothic nature of the text. The respective writers also employ various literary techniques in the pieces, which indicate that the texts are postcolonial gothic in nature. For instance, the entire notion of gothic literature is suggestive of ‘horror, madness, monstrosity, death, disease, terror, evil and weird sexuality’9 and many of these qualities are prevalent in Ovando. The imagery used in Ovando conforms to these horrific characteristics customary in gothic literature and the physical appearance of Ovando corresponds to this in particular: ‘Not a shred of flesh was left on his bones; he was a complete skeleton except for his brain, which remained, and was growing smaller by the millennium. He stank’ (3) This gruesome image of Ovando can only provoke horror and disgust in the reader and the nightmarish qualities of such gothic literature present themselves clearly here. Similarly, the physical appearance of Ovando continues to worsen into the form of the devil: ‘He had also grown horns on either side of his head, and from these he hung various instruments of torture; his tongue he made forked. ‘ (9) This demonic image is possibly one of the darkest images that can be drawn upon and, as such, Kincaid is portraying the character of Ovando in the most evil way possible. The idea that he personally ‘made’ his tongue forked also draws to mind images of masochism that, again, are dark in nature. This use of graphic and disturbing imagery draws all the qualities of ‘horror, madness, monstrosity†¦ ‘ together to form a deeply disturbing text conforming to the conventions of gothic writing. The structure of Ovando also allows the piece to fit into the genre of gothic literature successfully. The piece is dreamlike in that it has no fixed structure and it moves through the action with no real sense of succession at all. Events do not lead into one another, but the reader gets the sense of dreamlike disorder with the physical world constantly changing. It is this constant flux in the story that creates a disturbing sense of disorder in the piece, which, no doubt, reflects the disorder created by the invasion of the colonisers. In Wide Sargasso Sea, Rhys uses some very graphic images that are disturbing in nature and as such conform to the gothic style. During the fire, we hear Antoinette’s retelling of events, as she realises that their pet parrot is stuck in the burning house: ‘I opened my eyes, everybody was looking up and pointing at Coco on the glacis railings with his feathers alight. He made an effort to fly down but his clipped wings failed him and he fell down screeching. He was all on fire. ‘ (36) This horrific image of the bird being burned alive equates to the burning images of the devil in Ovando and highlights the notion of suffering in the text. The colonial experience clearly caused suffering and anguish and this conveyance of pain is an effective means of expressing this. Rhys also refers frequently to the notion of obeah, which relates to black magic and spirit theft. Antoinette accuses Rochester of obeah, through trying to change her name, but she is also guilty of its practice when she puts a love potion in his wine. This exploration of the unknown and the ghosts that Christophine knows about, although ‘that is not what she calls them’ (113) creates an eerie and supernatural dimension in the piece. The use of such ideas by Rhys is concordant with the daunting elements that define the gothic genre. In Ovando in particular, the gothic literary technique of inversion is also employed throughout. McGraph and Marrow identify the use of inversion as a gothic effect, ‘where terror and unreason subverted consensus and rationality, where passion was transformed into disgust, love turned to hatred and good engendered evil. ’10 The narrator appears to acknowledge throughout that good can engender evil. When Ovando arrived on the island, of course, the narrator was eager to accept him: ‘For I loved him then, not the way I would love my mother, or my child, but with that more general and spontaneous kind of love that I feel when I see any human being. ‘ (3) The good in Ovando, however, is overtaken by greed and self-love, epitomised in the masturbation episode where ‘Ovando gently passes his hands down his own back, through the crevices of his private parts†¦ ‘ (11-12). Therefore, the reader senses that the imperial powers were all subjected to this inversion driven by greed in effect, and this literary technique is an effective way of mirroring this inversion of good to bad in human beings. Similarly in Wide Sargasso Sea, some of these features of inversion can also seen to be employed by Rhys. Rochester’s worsening feelings towards Antionette indicate this and such an overturn in emotions that epitomises the gothic tone and alteration from passion to disgust can be seen when Rochester sleeps with Amelie. No sooner has he slept with her, did he begin to feel discontented with her appearance: ‘†¦ her skin was darker, her lips thicker than I had thought†¦ I had no wish to touch her and she knew it, for she got up at once and began to dress. ‘ (115-6) His darkest fears appear to surface through her, with his acknowledgement of how native she looks and the hint that he worries further that she could be related to Antoinette. Having previously stated: ‘Perhaps they are related, I thought. It’s possible, it’s even probable in this damned place. ‘ (105) -the way in which he sees her this morning strongly rouses the deep-seated fear of incestuous relations in him. These issues in themselves are dark and gothic in that sense, although the fact that these issues are only hinted at makes them far more ominous in some respects. Looking at the works from a contextual perspective, it is interesting to see that Gelder concludes that ‘Postcolonial nations can re-animate the traumas of their colonial pasts to produce Gothic narratives. ’11 This can be seen explicitly in Ovando through the character of Frey Nicolas de Ovando. Although he appears to be a fictitious character, he was undoubtedly named after a sixteenth century governor in the Dominican Republic. Friar Nicolas de Ovando was governor from 1502 to 1509 and during this time, he was renowned for his cruel treatment of the native Taino tribe. It is reported that, in order to gain more power over the tribes, he arranged a feast for the tribe chiefs and then burnt down the house where it was held. Furthermore, any people who survived the fire were tortured and killed. There is no question that Kincaid’s character was created in direct reference to him and the cruelty of the character of Ovando in her novel supports this fact: ‘One morning, Ovando arose from his bed. Assisted by people he had forcibly placed in various stages of social and spiritual degradation†¦ ‘ (9) This demonstrates explicitly the blame that Kincaid attributes to Ovando for the pain and suffering caused. She dispels any notions of fate or necessity and lays the burden on the shoulder of the one character who, in addition to clearly being the general described above, broadly represents the imperial nations. It is clear that Kincaid is drawing upon real life horrors for her story and Turcotte identifies this technique: ‘From its inception the Gothic has dealt with fears and themes which are endemic in the colonial experience: isolation, entrapment, fear of pursuit and fear of the unknown. ’12 Therefore we see that the gothic genre is particularly apt for expressing the distresses caused by the process of colonisation. This process of the re-animation of traumas from people’s colonial pasts is repeated in a sense through Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea. She is retelling a Gothic story that already exists in Jane Eyre, giving depth and, indeed, a life to Rochester’s mad wife in the attic. Spivak recognises that Rhys takes Bronte’s Jane Eyre and ‘rewrites a canonical English text within the European novelistic tradition in the interest of the white Creole rather than the native. ’13 This would suggest that, just as the madwoman in the attic has no voice in Jane Eyre, neither does the colonised persons in colonial and postcolonial literature. Therefore, Rhys is giving them the voice they have been deprived of. Many things point to the fact that this was her deliberate intention and we can assume that her personal reward from doing such a thing is clear when we hear other accounts of prejudice in her works: ‘I had discovered that if I called myself English they would snub me haughtily: ‘You’re not English; you’re a horrid colonial. †14 Jean Rhys was a white Creole like this character and, as such, the closeness of the character to the novelist makes it difficult to detach the two. Therefore, it is clear that the gothic genre for Rhys is an effective means of conveying the personal trauma she has experienced as a result of prejudice, stemming from colonisation. In conclusion, it is clear to see that these texts can be defined as postcolonial gothic. As postcolonial texts, they also possess many of the distinguishing features of gothic texts. The aptness of the gothic genre as a means of reiterating colonial pasts is evident throughout, as the horror and disruption that it conveys so well is symbolic of the anxiety and heartache that the process of colonisation created for those people ensnared in its progression. Bibliography:   Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, Helen Tiffin. The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Postcolonial Literatures. London: Routledge. 1989.   ed. Athill, Diana. â€Å"The Day They Burned the Books† in The Collected Short Stories of Jean Rhys. New York: W. W. Norton. 1968.   Boehmer, Elleke. Colonial and Postcolonial Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1995. Ed. Childs, Peter. Post-Colonial Theory and English Literature: A Reader. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 1999.   Gelder, Ken. â€Å"Postcolonial Gothic† in The Handbook to Gothic Literature. ed. Mulvey-Roberts, Marie. Basingstoke: Macmillan. 1998.   Kincaid, Jamaica. â€Å"Ovando† in The Picador Book of the New Gothic. A Collection of Contemporary Gothic Fiction. ed. Mcgraph, Patrick; Morrow, Bradford. London: Picador. 1992.   ed. McGraph, Patrick, Bradford Morrow. The Picador Book of the New Gothic. A Collection of Contemporary Gothic Fiction.

High School Science Curriculum Plan of Study

High school science typically consists of two or three years of required credits along with additionally offered electives. Two of these credits usually require a laboratory component. Following is an overview of suggested required courses along with electives a student might find at a typical high school. Its a good idea to look into summer programs, too. Year One: Physical Science The physical science curriculum covers the natural sciences and nonliving systems. Students focus on learning overall concepts and theories to help them understand and explain aspects of nature. Across the country, different states have different opinions on what should be included in physical science. Some include astronomy and earth science while others focus on physics and chemistry. This sample physical science course is integrated and includes basic principles in: PhysicsChemistryEarth scienceAstronomy Year Two: Biology The biology curriculum involves the study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and the environment. The course provides students with laboratories designed to help them understand the nature of living organisms along with their similarities and differences. Topics covered include: Cellular biologyThe lifecycleGeneticsEvolutionClassificationOrganismsAnimalsPlantsEcosystemsAP biology The College Board suggests that students take AP biology one year after they complete biology and a year of chemistry because AP biology is the equivalent of a first-year college introductory course. Some students choose to double up on science and take this their third year or as an elective in their senior year. Year Three: Chemistry The chemistry curriculum covers matter, atomic theory, chemical reactions and interactions, and the laws that govern the study of chemistry. The course includes laboratories that are designed to reinforce these major concepts. Topics covered include: MatterAtomic structureThe periodic tableIonic and covalent bondingChemical reactionsKinetic theoryGas lawsSolutionsChemical kineticsAcids, bases and salts Year Four: Electives Typically, students take their science elective in their senior year. Following are a sampling of typical science electives offered in high schools. Physics or AP physics: Physics is the study of the interactions between matter and energy. Students who have doubled up in previous years and taken basic physics might choose to take AP physics their senior year. Chemistry II or AP chemistry: Students who have taken their first year of chemistry might continue with chemistry II or AP chemistry. This course continues and expands on the topics taught in chemistry I. Marine science: Marine science is the study of the marine environment including the ecology of the seas and the diversity of marine organisms and ecosystems. Astronomy: Many schools do not offer courses in astronomy. However, the study of astronomy is a welcome addition as a science elective. Astronomy includes the study of the planets, stars and sun as well as other astronomical structures. Anatomy and physiology: This subject involves the study of the structures and functions of the human body. Students learn about the skeletal, muscular, endocrine, nervous and other systems in the body. Environmental science: Environmental science is the study of the interaction between humans and the living and nonliving environment around them. Students learn about the effects of human interaction including deforestation, pollution, habitat destruction and issues surrounding the management of the Earths water resources.